Assessing gastric residual volume: a description of nurses' clinical practice. / Aferição do volume residual gástrico: retrato da prática clínica de enfermeiros.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences in nurses' clinical practice for assessing residual gastric volume and identifying the theoretical framework which supports their practice. METHOD: A cross-sectional study carried out by sending an online questionnaire by e-mail to nurses registered at the Regional Nursing Council of the State of São Paulo. RESULTS: This study included 598 nursing professionals, with 484 only providing care to adults and 114 exclusively to children. The gastric residual volume test is performed by 83.4% of nursing professionals; in most cases the suspension and prescription of enteral nutritional therapy are performed by the physician. Suspension of enteral nutritional therapy among adults predominantly occurs when the gastric residual volume is equal to 200 ml, and in children when values are less than 100 ml. Procedure after diet suspension involves the return of aspirated gastric contents and maintaining the catheter closed until the next hour in 48.3% of the procedures among adults, and 68.4% among children. 42.9% of the participants in this study were not aware of the theoretical basis that supports the test performance. CONCLUSION: We can highlight the need for nurses' training and further studies focused on the practice for assessing gastric residual volume.

Aferição do volume residual gástrico: retrato da prática clínica de enfermeiros / Assessing gastric residual volume: a description of nurses' clinical practice / Verificación del volumen gástrico residual: retrato de la práctica clínica de enfermeros

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar diferenças na prática de aferição do volume residual gástrico entre enfermeiros clínicos e identificar a fundamentação teórica que subsidia a prática. Método Estudo transversal realizado por meio do envio de questionário online aos e-mails dos enfermeiros cadastrados no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Estado de São Paulo. Resultados Participam do estudo 598 profissionais de enfermagem, dos quais 484 prestavam assistência apenas a adultos e 114 exclusivamente à crianças. O teste do volume residual gástrico é realizado por 83,4% dos profissionais da enfermagem, sendo que, em sua maioria, a suspensão e a liberação da terapia nutricional enteral são realizadas pelo médico. A suspensão da terapia nutricional enteral entre adultos ocorre, predominantemente, quando o volume residual gástrico é igual a 200 ml e, entre crianças, se valores menores do que 100 ml. A conduta após a suspensão da dieta envolve a devolução do conteúdo gástrico aspirado e a manutenção do cateter fechado até o próximo horário, em 48,3% dos atendimentos entre adultos e 68,4% entre crianças. Dos participantes da pesquisa, 42,9% desconhecem a fundamentação teórica que subsidia a prática do teste. Conclusão Evidenciou-se a necessidade de capacitação dos enfermeiros e de novas investigações sobre a prática de aferição do volume residual gástrico.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the differences in nurses' clinical practice for assessing residual gastric volume and identifying the theoretical framework which supports their practice. Method A cross-sectional study carried out by sending an online questionnaire by e-mail to nurses registered at the Regional Nursing Council of the State of São Paulo. Results This study included 598 nursing professionals, with 484 only providing care to adults and 114 exclusively to children. The gastric residual volume test is performed by 83.4% of nursing professionals; in most cases the suspension and prescription of enteral nutritional therapy are performed by the physician. Suspension of enteral nutritional therapy among adults predominantly occurs when the gastric residual volume is equal to 200 ml, and in children when values are less than 100 ml. Procedure after diet suspension involves the return of aspirated gastric contents and maintaining the catheter closed until the next hour in 48.3% of the procedures among adults, and 68.4% among children. 42.9% of the participants in this study were not aware of the theoretical basis that supports the test performance. Conclusion We can highlight the need for nurses' training and further studies focused on the practice for assessing gastric residual volume.

RESUMEN Objetivo Verificar diferencias en la práctica de verificación del volumen gástrico residual entre enfermeros clínicos e identificar la fundamentación teórica que subsidia la práctica. Método Estudio transversal realizado mediante el envío de cuestionario en línea a los emails de los enfermeros registrados en el Consejo Regional de Enfermería del Estado de São Paulo. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 598 profesionales enfermeros, de los que 484 prestaban asistencia solo a adultos y 114 exclusivamente a niños. La prueba del volumen gástrico residual la lleva a cabo el 83,4% de los profesionales enfermeros, siendo que, en su mayoría, la suspensión y la liberación de la terapia de nutrición enteral la realiza el médico. La suspensión de la terapia de nutrición enteral entre adultos ocurre, predominantemente, cuando el volumen gástrico residual es igual a 200 ml y, entre niños, si los valores son menores que 100 ml. La conducta después de la suspensión de la dieta involucra la devolución del contenido gástrico aspirado y el mantenimiento del catéter cerrado hasta el próximo horario, en el 48,3% de las atenciones entre adultos y el 68,4% entre niños. De los participantes de la investigación, el 42,9% desconocen la fundamentación teórica que subsidia la práctica de la prueba. Conclusión Se evidenció la necesidad de capacitación de los enfermeros y de nuevas investigaciones acerca de la práctica de verificación del volumen gástrico residual.

Association between diabetes and causes of dementia: Evidence from a clinicopathological study / Associação entre diabetes e causas de demência: evidência de um estudo clínico-patológico

ABSTRACT.Background: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, especially for vascular dementia (VaD), but there is no consensus on diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other causes of dementia. Objective: To explore the association between diabetes and the neuropathological etiology of dementia in a large autopsy study. Methods: Data were collected from the participants of the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group between 2004 and 2015. Diagnosis of diabetes was reported by the deceased's next-of-kin. Clinical dementia was established when CDR ≥ 1 and IQCODE > 3.41. Dementia etiology was determined by neuropathological examination using immunohistochemistry. The association of diabetes with odds of dementia was investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: We included 1,037 subjects and diabetes was present in 279 participants (27%). The prevalence of dementia diagnosis was similar in diabetics (29%) and non-diabetics (27%). We found no association between diabetes and dementia (OR = 1.22; 95%CI = 0.81-1.82; p = 0.34) on the multivariate analysis. AD was the main cause of dementia in both groups, while VaD was the second-most-frequent cause in diabetics. Other mixed dementia was the second-most-common cause of dementia and more frequent among non-diabetics (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Diabetes was not associated with dementia in this large clinicopathological study.

RESUMO. Introdução: Diabetes mellitus é um fator de risco para a demência, especialmente para a demência vascular (DV), mas ainda não há consenso sobre diabetes como fator de risco para a doença de Alzheimer (DA) e outras causas de demência. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre diabetes e demência e sua etiologia neuropatológica em um grande estudo de autópsia. Métodos: Os dados foram coletados do Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP entre 2004 e 2015. O diagnóstico de diabetes foi relatado por pelos parentes do falecido. A demência clínica foi estabelecida quando CDR ≥ 1 e IQCODE > 3,41. A etiologia da demência foi determinada pelo exame neuropatológico com imuno-histoquímica. A associação de diabetes com probabilidades de demência foi investigada usando regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1.037 sujeitos, diabetes esteve presente em 279 participantes (27%). A frequência de diagnóstico de demência foi semelhante entre diabéticos (29%) e não diabéticos (27%). Não encontramos associação entre diabetes e demência (OR = 1,22; IC 95% = 0,81-1,82; p = 0,34) na análise multivariada. DA foi a principal causa de demência em ambos os grupos, DV foi a segunda causa em diabéticos. A frequência de outra demência mista foi a segunda causa de demência e mais frequente entre os não diabéticos (p = 0,03). Conclusão: A diabetes não foi associada à demência neste grande estudo clínico-patológico.

Diabetes is Not Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology.

BACKGROUND: Previous evidence linking diabetes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology is mixed and scant data are available from low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between diabetes and AD neuropathology in a large autopsy study of older Brazilian adults. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, diabetes was defined by diagnosis during life or use of antidiabetic medication. A standardized neuropathological examination was performed using immunohistochemistry. The associations of diabetes with Consortium to Establish and Registry for Alzheimer Disease (CERAD) scores for neuritic plaques and Braak-Braak (BB) scores for neurofibrillary tangles were investigated using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. We investigated effect modification of education, race, and APOE on these associations. RESULTS: Among 1,037 subjects (mean age = 74.4±11.5 y; mean education = 4.0±3.7 y; 48% male, 61% White), diabetes was present in 279 subjects. Diabetes was not associated with BB (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.81-1.54, p = 0.48) or with CERAD (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.68-1.38, p = 0.86) scores on analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. We observed effect modification by the APOE allele ɛ4 on the association between diabetes mellitus and BB scores. CONCLUSION: No evidence of an association between diabetes and AD neuropathology was found in a large sample of Brazilians; however, certain subgroups, such as APOE allele ɛ4 carriers, had higher odds of accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles.

Association between diabetes and causes of dementia: Evidence from a clinicopathological study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, especially for vascular dementia (VaD), but there is no consensus on diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other causes of dementia. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between diabetes and the neuropathological etiology of dementia in a large autopsy study. METHODS: Data were collected from the participants of the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group between 2004 and 2015. Diagnosis of diabetes was reported by the deceased's next-of-kin. Clinical dementia was established when CDR ≥ 1 and IQCODE > 3.41. Dementia etiology was determined by neuropathological examination using immunohistochemistry. The association of diabetes with odds of dementia was investigated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: We included 1,037 subjects and diabetes was present in 279 participants (27%). The prevalence of dementia diagnosis was similar in diabetics (29%) and non-diabetics (27%). We found no association between diabetes and dementia (OR = 1.22; 95%CI = 0.81-1.82; p = 0.34) on the multivariate analysis. AD was the main cause of dementia in both groups, while VaD was the second-most-frequent cause in diabetics. Other mixed dementia was the second-most-common cause of dementia and more frequent among non-diabetics (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Diabetes was not associated with dementia in this large clinicopathological study.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diabetes mellitus é um fator de risco para a demência, especialmente para a demência vascular (DV), mas ainda não há consenso sobre diabetes como fator de risco para a doença de Alzheimer (DA) e outras causas de demência. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre diabetes e demência e sua etiologia neuropatológica em um grande estudo de autópsia. Métodos: Os dados foram coletados do Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP entre 2004 e 2015. O diagnóstico de diabetes foi relatado por pelos parentes do falecido. A demência clínica foi estabelecida quando CDR ≥ 1 e IQCODE > 3,41. A etiologia da demência foi determinada pelo exame neuropatológico com imuno-histoquímica. A associação de diabetes com probabilidades de demência foi investigada usando regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 1.037 sujeitos, diabetes esteve presente em 279 participantes (27%). A frequência de diagnóstico de demência foi semelhante entre diabéticos (29%) e não diabéticos (27%). Não encontramos associação entre diabetes e demência (OR = 1,22; IC 95% = 0,81-1,82; p = 0,34) na análise multivariada. DA foi a principal causa de demência em ambos os grupos, DV foi a segunda causa em diabéticos. A frequência de outra demência mista foi a segunda causa de demência e mais frequente entre os não diabéticos (p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A diabetes não foi associada à demência neste grande estudo clínico-patológico.

Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease: An Autopsy Study Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) inflammation may have a role in coronary artery disease (CAD) pathophysiology. However, most evidence has come from samples obtained during surgical procedures that may imply in some limitations. Moreover, the role of B lymphocytes and inflammation in PAT that is adjacent to unstable atheroma plaques has not been investigated in humans using morphometric measurements. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the inflammation in PAT, subcutaneous, and perirenal adipose tissues (SAT and PrAT) among chronic CAD, acute CAD, and control groups in an autopsy study. METHODS: Heart, SAT, and PrAT samples are collected from autopsied subjects in a general autopsy service, with the written informed consent of the next-of-kin (NOK). Sociodemographic and clinical data are obtained from a semistructure interview with the NOK. Coronary arteries are dissected and PAT are removed. Sections with the greatest arterial obstruction or unstable plaques, and the local with absence of atherosclerosis in all coronary arteries are sampled. PAT are represented adjacent to these fragments. Adipose tissues are fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde solution and analyzed immunohistochemically for macrophages (CD68), macrophage polarization (CD11c for proinflammatory and CD206 for anti-inflammatory), B lymphocytes (CD20), and T lymphocytes (CD3). Slides will be scanned, and inflammatory cells will be quantified in 20 random fields. Participants will be categorized in CAD groups, after morphometric measurement of arterial obstruction and plaque composition analysis in accordance with American Heart Association classification. Three study groups will be investigated: acute CAD (at least one unstable plaque); chronic CAD (≥50% arterial obstruction); and controls (<50% arterial obstruction). Inflammatory cells in PAT, SAT, and PrAT will be counted and compared between groups using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol use, and smoking. RESULTS: We present the methods of our study that was developed from 2 pilots. Currently, data collection and tissue processing are ongoing. Data collection, histology and immunochemistry procedures, and quantification of all inflammatory cells are expected to be concluded within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: This study will contribute for the understanding of the mechanisms of CAD pathophysiology because it will help to clarify the role of inflammation both in chronic and acute CAD.